Thursday, January 3, 2019

A journey to the Van Diemen's Land

Well, Australia is full with natural wonders you can see everywhere and a hidden cultural heritage of Aborigines. The journeys made during the last three years in this land mass provided a great insight to us about the geological and cultural history of a land filled with its own unique stories. This little note is about the Van Diemen's land or as most commonly called 'Tasmania'.

The total credit of the journey, its planning and itinerary must go to Pramuditha. She put numbers of hours for tour homework, was able to provide us with a pleasurable memory. First, we planned to get the ferry from Melbourne to Devenport. With all the Christmas vacation, the tickets of the ferry were soon sold out. Hence we had to have a plan B, that is getting a flight. Sydney to Hobart flight cost is somewhat $2000 for three of us. So as the plan C, we drive to the Melbourne and took Jetstar flight from there for $800 and rented a car from Bargain cars at Hobart Airport.

Parking in Melbourne is also cost a large sum. Pramuditha was able to find an Airbnb place which they allow us to park our vehicle at their home, drop us to the airport and pick up again as well as rooms for a stay which all costs only $105. Ethel and her husband must appreciate for their kind support as well as their entrepreneur attempt on such matters.

We left Sydney on 24th December 2018 around 9.30pm and booked a place at Goulburn for the overnight stay. Fortunately the owner of the house not available at that night as we checked in late midnight. Though the place was not that clean, we were able to manage everything and left Goulburn around 6.00 am. No need to mention the trouble I came with a manual air pump which inflated the tyres to 64pi!!. On the way, a Coles Shell filling station had a digital meter for a reveal.

Driving from Goulburn to Melbourne done in two stops. First stop was Holbrook, a small town in Hume Highway which is famous for its HMAS Otway submarine. Little nap for me and play time for Thumula re-energised us. After 63 km we stopped for filling at Albury and continued the journey for another 315km to reach Melbourne at 1.30 pm. The flight was at 4.00 pm from Domestic departure terminal 4, flight JQ 711 Jetstar. We are on board, yet Thumula was asleep. He missed the view.

Landed Hobart around 5.00 pm we faced several problems. Pramuditha paid a cafe by using her ANZ card and asked me about her Commonwealth debit card which I might use for getting a cart at the Melbourne airport. It seems I've lost it. Oh dear. It took us a while to call the bank and cancel the card then proceed to the bag collection point. No bags and no one to ask!! Finally, as we could locate they are in the arrival desk of Jetstar. Finally, we went to the Bargain cars information desk, and the lady in the reception asked us to deposit another $500 as a security deposit other than the paid $800. My debit card was drained, and Pramuditha's one lost we were in chaos. Then we had to get a premium cover of $150, which hopefully happened for good. Here we are with all our baggage and car ready, looking forward to the endeavour.

Stayed at Father Shammi's church with Nilusha and her family who came in the morning of the same day. The Bishop's house is a nice cosy place with two separate guests rooms with attached bathrooms and a shared kitchen. Fortunately, we bought some rice and cooking essentials for prepare the meals of the day as not a single shop was open in the Christmas Eve. All of us had a nice dinner anyway. Thumula had a nice play time too.

Next day to the Museum. The actual plan was to watch Unzoo: the Tasmanian Devil zoo, but at the last moment, we changed the plan while Nilusha's family headed to Taranna. Museum filled with lots of informative galleries including the Aboriginal shell industries and Thylacine gallery. It is a shame how the Thylacine or so-called Tasmanian Tiger were hunted down to its extinction. At the time 1 pound was paid for one killed adult tiger and 10cents per a juvenile. Recently, they announced the Tasmanian state is ready to give a price of $1.5 million for anyone who can report a tiger, which some belief lives in further inland of the forest reservoir. Yes, indeed the human race is cancer infected the earth. Am I not a single cell!!

Headed to Taranna to find Nilusha and others was not a success as no phone reception available there. We managed to reach Eaglehawk Neck at 2.35 pm, five minutes late to the actual departure time for the boat ride. Finally, we found our colleagues from there and fortunately it was only us to the trip. Damian was helpful, and knowledgeable gentlemen who work for marine conservation and working part with Sea Shepherds gave us one of the most delightful experience we ever had. The coastal rock formations, waterfall, dolphins, seals and albatross in a 30 km round trip was an extraordinary tour. I was able to manage my motion sickness and fortunately, Damian did not leave boat stopped for a more extended period. At the arrival back to the deck had some snacks and, 'Doo-Lishus' a mobile cafe had a nice 'Monte-Carlo' couldn't refuse to my self. Their berry range from strawberry, raspberry, boysenberry and blackberry ice cream and yoghurt

The third and the last destination was Port Arthur, which we behind the time when we visit. Anyway, by looking all the site in minutes, the reception let us in for a discounted rate. The total settlement stands for the memories of convicts, military and English rule over the land. The silent prison yet makes an echo through the mind. The level of conservation and the site presentation must be appreciated.

Following day, we headed to the Lake St Clair, 200m deep, the deepest lake in Australia. Though it recalls us the extensive Sri Lankan irrigation works, the unique rock formations of basalt, quartz, dolerite and sandstones polished and bolded by the lake waves creates something attractive to the visitors. Collected basalt rock piece contains air bubble marks as a result of a volcanic lava formation. There must be some other exciting formations in the region, but as we are running out of time, we had to leave St Clair and drive to Cradle Hills. It was a 200km drive through historical Queenstown, a mining settlement for gold and copper. Though the speed limit is 100km/h, the zigzag road won't allow speeding ahead of 60kmh. Lucky we were able to notice our first encounter with an Echidna in it's natural to environ.

Cradle mountain was also able to recall us the Horton Plains in Sri Lanka with its cloud rainforest and grasslands. The Dove lake creates a unique view with mountain background. Though we did not complete a track, the time spent at the Dove lake with Nilusha's family definitely a good memory for Thumula and Pramuditha. We had to adieu them from that point onwards. They had to drive back to Hobart and left Tasmania the next morning while we continued our journey to Launceston.

Not to mention the mess I come up by ordering food from an Indian restaurant, which ended us with two curry boxes and one rice box, our stay at Launceston was also a good time. The Cataract Gorge scenic chairlift and Platypus-echidna-sea horse encounter at Beuty Point added new knowledge and insight. Then to Lavender farm at Nabowla and to Weymouth fossil bay. The Fossil bay was mentioned as contains some crystalised wood, which we are not that much familiar with. So we had to collect some arbitrary specimens. Then another three-hour drive to Scamander through a zigzag road in midnight while wild animals roaming around. That is one of the best animal encounters we ever had. Hundreds of possums, wallabies and quolls are running all over the road, where we had to keep the car at its minimum speed to avoid a single hit. Gratefully, we were able to manage the whole trip without a single animal death, other than small bugs which I am feeling sorry about. At the end of the journey, the front rego plate was covered with tiny bugs corpses.

Spend the night at Blue Seas holiday villas, Scamander, a beachfront hotel located next to the estuary of Scamander river.







Thursday, December 20, 2018

Land Snails in Archaeology



     Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions can do by using various evidence, and pollens are the most using micro remain. Pollens can retrieve from environments such as waterlogged or peat bog contexts. However, in the context which basicity is higher, pollen can be rare evidence while remains of snails can preserve in good condition. Analysing land snails provides an insight into the palaeoenvironments, but unlike the pollens, it is usually slightly smaller and more local scale.
Image result for land snails in archaeology
According to Michael Allan, the early pioneers of the land snail analysis in archaeology were conchologist Alfred Santer Kennard and BB Woodward. Though they did report shells that found from archaeological contexts and examined its usage on rainfall, moisture and humidity reconstructions, the vegetation cover vs land use pattern studies were not subjected to their consideration. Then, BW Sparks and Michael Kerney introduced the usage of land snails to study the significant climatic changes occurred between and within the glacial and interglacial environments. Finally, in 1972, John Evans published a seminal publication titled 'Land snails in archaeology', opened a new sub-discipline in archaeology. 

Some principals

Lands snails provide representative evidence of vegetation structure and indicate

  •  the quantity of shade
  • ground moisture or cover
  • presence of woodland
  • openness
  • the occurrence of leaf litter
  • etc....
While pollens show the presence of individual species, land snails provide an insight into the overall vegetation structure. 
When analysing the lands snails, the following basics should have a concern (adapted from Allen, 2017,9),


  • Shells of land snails are made with calcium carbonate and aragonite.
  • The chemical content of the shells allows them to preserve and survive in calcareous deposits.
  • If excavated vigilantly, shells can retrieve without broke.
  • Shells often can be seen by the naked eye or using a microscopic sorting
  • The shells can be counted for NISP and identifications can be made to taxa and often to species level. 
  • Analogical thinking!. Shells from archaeological sites often considered as belonged to the animals lived in the same environmental conditions as their modern counterparts. 
  • Every single species has their own preference for food, habitat and environment. 
  • Examing all the shell species from a context as a single unit may provide a proper insight to reconstruct the palaeo-ecology.
  • Ecology of a species can represent a micro-environment and the nature of vegetation. This relates to the past local environment and land use.
  • When processed in a sequence, the samples will show a profile of local land use history.
  • When samples collected from several sites from a single area and analyses, it will provide a proper land use pattern within a local landscape. 


🐌= specific habitat + ecological niche + food requirements 
⏟⏟⏟past ecology
Ecology of snails = microhabitat, vegetation, shade, moisture, microenvironments, food, competition and predators

                       Fauna ⇄ Vegetation structure
↓
Related to the land-use

Changes of the vegetation cover can be a long-term climatic change or an anthropogenic or both.

Tuesday, December 18, 2018

When we speak about molluscs, someone can say ''ok, snails move slow and who cares them''. Anyhow, no one should forget that on the other side of the family there are squids and octopus and may be the mighty Kraken, a legendary cephalopod sea monster.
Image result for snail           Image result for kraken

Friday, December 14, 2018

Bug's life

Some insects as seen through the lens..... 



































Saturday, February 24, 2018

Masan fruits at Jaffna

Tuesday, July 25, 2017

,laÈj ialkaO foajd,

;s,xl isrsjraOk jsiska 2011 iqrsoqks l;r.u l,dmhg rps; ,smsh


Image result for god kataragama
āļ¯ේ⎁ීāļē ⎃ං⎃්āļšෘāļ­ිāļē āļ­ු⎅ ⎀ි⎂්āļĢු, āļąාāļŽ, āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸, āļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļąි āˇƒāˇ„ ⎃āļ¸āļą් āļēāļą āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇƒ්āļŽාāļąāļēāļš් ⎄ිāļ¸ි⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´ුāļŊූāļŊ් āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļš āˇ€්‍āļēාāļ´්āļ­āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļ´āļ¯්āļ°āļ­ිāļēāļš් āļšැāļ´āˇ€ී āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ¯ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ි⎀āļģුāļą් ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļąි. āļ’ āļ…āļ­āļģිāļą් āļ¯ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂ ⎃්āļŽාāļąāļēāļš් ⎄ිāļ¸ි ⎀ේ.
āļģූāļ´ා⎀āļŊිāļēේ āļˇāļ¯්‍āļģ āļąාāļŽ āˇ„ෙ⎀āļ­් āļšාāļģ්āļ­ිāļšේāļē āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ ⎀ේ. āļ…āļ­් āļ¯ෙāļšāļšි, āļ¯āļ¸් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļēෙāļą් āļēුāļ­ු āļē, āļ¯ිāļš් āļ¸ිāļ§āļš් āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļ´ොāļģ⎀āļš්, āļšුāļšු⎅ු āļģු⎀ āˇƒāˇ„ිāļ­ āļšොāļŠිāļēāļš්, āļ”āļ§ුāļą්āļąāļš්, ⎀ෑāļēāļš්, āļ¯āļ¸් āļ´ාāļ§ āļ‡āļŗුāļ¸āļš්, āļ”⎄ුāļœේ ⎀ා⎄āļąāļē āļ¸ොāļĢāļģෙāļšි, āļ¸ේ āļˇāļ¯්‍āļģ āļąාāļŽāļœේ āļŊāļšුāļĢුāļēි āļēāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļ¯āļš්⎀ා āļ‡āļ­. āļ¯ෙ⎀්āļŊො⎀ ⎃ිāļ§ āļ¸ු⎄ුāļ¯ āļļැ⎃ āļœāļŊ් āļ´āˇ„ුāļģāļšිāļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀ුāļą්āļ¯āļģ āļ¯āļš්⎀ා āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢි āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļœේ āļ´āˇ„ුāļģ āļ‘⎄ිāļ¯ී āļœිāļŊූāļąු āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀ුāļą්āļ¯āļģ āļšāļŊāļš් ⎃ිāļ§ āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු⎀ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸āļ§ āļœිāļē āļļ⎀āļ§ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී.
⎃්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ´ුāļģාāļĢāļēේ āļēāļš්‍⎂āļēāļšු ⎀ිāļąා⎁āļšāļģāļąු āļ´ිāļĢි⎃ āļēුāļ¯්āļ°āļēāļ§ āˇ„ා āļĨාāļąāļēāļ§ āļ…āļ°ිāļ´āļ­ි ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් ⎃ැāļŊāļšෙāļą āˇƒ්āļšāļą්āļ° āˇ„ෙ⎀āļ­් āļšාāļģ්āļ­ිāļšේāļē āļąāļ¸් āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ´āˇ„⎅ ⎀ූ āļļ⎀ ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ āļšෙāļģේ. āļšාāļŊිāļ¯ා⎃āļēāļą්āļœේ āļšුāļ¸ාāļģ⎃āļ¸්āļˇāˇ€āļēේ ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ ⎀āļąුāļēේ āļ¯ āļ´ාāļģ්⎀āļ­ිāļēේ ⎄ා ⎁ි⎀āļœේ ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āˇƒ්āļšāļą්āļ°āļœේ āļ‹āļ­්āļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļēāļ§ āļ¸āļœ āļ´ෑāļ¯ුāļĢු āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļēි.
āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āˇ„ෙ⎀āļ­් āļšāļ¯ිāļģේ⎃්⎀āļģ āļ´ුāļģ āˇ€āˇƒāļą āļļ⎀ āļšāļą්āļ¯āļšුāļ¸ාāļģ āļ¯ැ⎄ැāļąේ āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļšිāļēāļēි.
...āļšāļą්āļ¯āļšුāļ¸ාāļģ āļ´ෙāļģුāļ¸āļŊ් āļ…āļ´්āļ´ොāļ ්āļ ි.... āļšāļ¯ිāļģේ⎃්⎀āļģ āļ´ුāļģාāļ°ිāļœෘ⎄ිāļ­....āļģු⎄ුāļĢු āļ¸ාāļēාāļ¯ි āļ¯ේ⎃ාāļ°ිāļœෘ⎄ිāļ­ āļ¯ේ⎀ āļģාāļĸ āļ¸āļą්āļ¯ිāļģාāļąේ......
āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļšොāļŠිāļēේ ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂ිāļ­āˇ€ āļ‡āļ­ුāļą් āļēු⎀āļŊāļš් āļ¯ැāļš්⎀ීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļģු⎄ුāļĢ āˇƒංāļšේāļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšේ. āļ´ොāļ¯ු āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļšොāļŠිāļēේ āļ‘āļą āˇƒංāļšේāļ­āˇ€āļŊිāļą් āļ¯ āļ¸ුāļŊූ āļģු⎄ුāļĢු āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ āļ¸ āˇƒංāļšේāļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎀āļą āļļ⎀ āļ§ී. āļ‘āļ¸්. āļĸී. āļ‘āˇƒ්. ⎃ිāļŊ්⎀ා āļ¸āˇ„āļ­ා ⎀ි⎁්⎀ා⎃ āļšāļģāļēි.
āļ†āļąāļą්āļ¯ āļšුāļ¸ාāļģ⎃්⎀ාāļ¸ි ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ‘⎅ාāļģ āļģāļĸුāļœේ āļ…āļąුāļœ‍්‍āļģා⎄āļšāļēා ⎀ූ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāļģāļēි. āļ¸ේ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ‘⎅ාāļģ āļēුāļ¯්āļ°āļēේāļ¯ී āļ­āļ¸āļą්āļ§ āˇƒāˇ„āļē āļ¯ැāļš්⎀ීāļ¸ āˇ„ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļą් āļ¯ුāļ§ුāļœැāļ¸ුāļĢු āļģāļĸු ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් ⎀āļ­්āļ¸āļą් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļšāļģ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ¯ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēāļš් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී. āļ¸ේ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒ් āļ¯āļš්⎀āļą āļ¸āˇ„ාāļ ාāļģ්āļē ⎃ෙāļąāļģāļ­් āļ´āļģāļĢ⎀ිāļ­ාāļąāļēāļą් āļšි⎃ිāļ¯ු ⎃ිං⎄āļŊ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ¯āļ¸ි⎅ āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļ¸ූāļŊා⎁‍්‍āļģāļēāļš āˇƒ්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āˇƒāˇ„ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āˇƒāļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļšāļģ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļ†āļšාāļģāļēේ āļšි⎃ිāļ¯ු āļ­ොāļģāļ­ුāļģāļš් āļąො⎀āļą āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ¸ෙāļąි⎃ා āļ¯ුāļ§ුāļœැāļ¸ුāļĢු āļģāļĸු ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļšāļģ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎃ැāļš āļ´āˇ„⎅ ⎀āļą āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ¯āļš්⎀āļēි. āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎄ා āļļැāļŗී āļ‡āļ­ි āļēāļ¸් āļēāļ¸් āļšāļŽා āļ´ු⎀āļ­්, āļ‘āļąāļ¸්, āļ‘āļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ…āļąාāļœāļ­āļēේ āļļුāļ¯්āļ°āļ­්⎀āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­්⎀āļą āļļ⎀ ⎀ැāļąි ⎀ූ āļ´ු⎀āļ­් āļˇාāļģāļ­.ීāļē ⎃්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļēෙāļą් ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ āļąො⎀āļą āļļැ⎀ිāļą් ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļŊංāļšා⎀ේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļēāļąු āļ¯ේ⎁ීāļē āļļෝāļ°ි⎃āļ­්āļ­්⎀āļēāļšු āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ´āˇƒු⎀ ⎃්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎄ා āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ‘āļš āļ¸ āļ…āļēෙāļšු āļļ⎀āļ§ āļĸāļą āˇ€ි⎁්⎀ා⎃āļē āļ­ු⎅ āļ´āļ­්⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ´āļģāļĢ⎀ිāļ­ාāļąāļēāļą් ⎀ැāļŠිāļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ āļšāļģāļēි. ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļŊංāļšා⎀ේ ⎃්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ ⎄ැāļ¯ෑāļģීāļ¸ේ āļ¯ී āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļšāļģුāļĢ āļļෙ⎄ෙ⎀ිāļą් āļ‰āˇ€āˇ„āļŊ් ⎀āļąුāļēේ āļēāļ¸් āļŊෙ⎃āļšිāļą් āļ¯ේ⎁ීāļē āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļšු ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļ‰āļ¯ි⎀ූ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļ´āˇ€ා āļ¸ේ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ´āˇƒු⎀ āļ´ොāļ¯ු ⎃්āļšāļą්āļ° āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļąāļ¸් ⎃ංāļšāļŊ්āļ´āļē āļ­ු⎅āļ§ āļ…āļēāļ­් ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļļැ⎀ිāļąි. āļļෞāļ¯්āļ° āˇා⎃āļąāļēේ ⎄ා ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļŊංāļšාāļ¯්⎀ීāļ´āļēේ āļ†āļģāļš්‍⎂āļš āļ¯ේ⎀āļ­ා⎀āļšු āļŊෙ⎃ āļ¯ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎃ැāļŊāļšීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´ාāļ­‍්‍āļģ ⎀ේ.
āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ… āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģ ⎄ා ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ´ැ⎀ැāļ­්⎀ෙāļą āļąාāļŽ, ⎀ි⎂්āļĢු, āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āˇƒāˇ„ āļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļąි āļēāļą āˇƒāļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ„ා āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēේ āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģ āļ¯ āˇ€ේ.
āļšාāļģ්āļ­ිāļšේāļē, ⎃්āļšāļą්āļ°, āļšāļ¯ිāļģ, āļšāļ­ිāļģ, āļ†āļ¯ි ⎄ිāļą්‍āļ¯ු āļąාāļ¸āļēāļą්āļœෙāļą් āļ¯ āļšāļŗ āļšුāļ¸āļģු, āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ි āļēāļą āˇƒිං⎄āļŊ āļąාāļ¸āļēāļą්āļœෙāļą් āļ¯ āˇ„ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ෙāļą āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ…āļ­ීāļ­āļēේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļ¸āˇ„āˇƒෙāļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļŊෙ⎃ ⎄ෝ āļĸිāļąāļšාāļŊāļ¸ාāļŊිāļąිāļēේ āļ‘āļą āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļ§ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āˇ€ූ āļ¸āˇ„ාāļෝ⎂ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ¯ āˇ€ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎄ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļģැු⎃āļš් āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ා āļ‡āļ­්āļ­ේ āļŒāˇ€ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ ⎀ීāļ¸ āļ¯ āˇ€ි⎁ේ⎂āļ­්⎀āļēāļšි. āļĸāļē⎀āļģ්āļ°āļą āļ´ුāļģāļēේ āļ¯āļšුāļĢු āļ´āˇƒ ⎃ුāļģ්āļēāļēාāļœේ āļģ⎁්āļ¸ි ⎀ැāļąි ⎀ූ āļāļą āļ¸ාāļĢිāļš්‍āļēāļēෙāļą් āļļැāļļ⎅ුāļą් āļģāļą් āļēāļ§ි āļ…āļœ āļ‹āļ­ුāļ¸් āļšුāļšු⎅ු āļģූāļ´āļēෙāļą් āļēුāļ­් āļšොāļŠි āļļැ āļ…āļąේāļšාāļŊංāļšාāļģ āļšāˇ… āļ¸āˇ„āˇƒෙāļą් āļ¯ි⎀්‍āļē āļģාāļĸāļēාāļœේ āļ¯ෙ⎀ොāļŊāļš් ⎀ූ āļļ⎀
               āļ´ෙāļąේ āļ¯āļšුāļĢ āļ¸āˇ„āˇƒෙāļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀්āļģāļ¯ āļ´ාāļē
⎃ැāļŊāļŊි⎄ිāļĢි ⎃ංāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ āļ‘āļą āļ´ාāļ¨āļēෙāļą් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි ⎀ෙāļēි. āļ¸āˇ„āļ­් āļ´ිāļģි⎀āļģ ⎃ෙāļąāļŸāļš් ⎀āļą āˇ„ෙāļēිāļą් āļ¸ෙ⎃ේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ¸āˇ„āˇƒෙāļą් āļēāļą āļąāļ¸ිāļą් āļ¯ āˇ„ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ෙāļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļšෝāļ§්āļ§ේ āļēුāļœāļēේ āļŠāˇ්⎀āļģ, ⎀ිāļˇී⎂āļĢාāļ¯ී āļ¯ෙ⎀ි⎀āļģුāļą් ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļąāļœāļģāļē āļ­ුāļŊ āļ´ැ⎀āļ­ි āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļ§ āļ¯ āˇ€ූ āļļ⎀ āļ¸ෙāļēිāļą් āļ´ැ⎄ැāļ¯ිāļŊි ⎀ේ.
āļŒāˇ€ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃ොāļģāļœුāļĢේ, āļšොāļ§āļļෝ⎀ ⎄ා āļļāļ¯ුāļŊ්āļŊ āļēāļą āˇƒ්āļŽාāļą āˇ€ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀ේ. āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļē āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ…āļ­ීāļ­āļēේ ⎃ොāļģāļœුāļĢේ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§ි āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļē āļ¸ැāļ¯āļœāļ¸ āļąāļ¸් ⎀ිāļē. āļ…āļ­ීāļ­āļēේ āļ‘⎄ි āļšāļ­āļģāļœāˇ„ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් ⎀ූ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āļ´ෘāļ­ුāļœී⎃ිāļą් ⎄ා āļšāˇ… āļēුāļ°āļēāļšāļ§ āļēāļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ­āļ¸āļą්āļ§ āļĸāļē āļŊāļļා āļ¯ෙāļąුāļēේ āļąāļ¸් āļąāˇ€ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් āļ­āļąා āļ¯ෙāļą āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ¸ාāļēාāļ¯ුāļą්āļąේ āļģāļĸු āļˇාāļģ ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ­් āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēෙāļą් ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ ⎀ේ. āļĸāļē āļŊැāļļීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු⎀ ⎀ූ āļˇාāļģāļē āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļš āˇ€ූ āļąි⎃ා āļ¸ාāļēාāļ¯ුāļą්āļąේ āļģāļĸුāļœේ āļ‹āļœුāļģේ āļ†āļļාāļ°āļēāļš් ⎀ැāļŊāļŗුāļĢු āļ…āļ­āļģ ⎃්⎀āļšීāļē āļˇාāļģāļē āļ‰āļ§ුāļšිāļģීāļ¸ෙāļą් āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු⎀ āļģෝāļœāļē ⎃ු⎀āļ´āļ­් ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ‹āļœුāļģේ āļ…āļ¸ාāļģු⎀ āļąි⎃ා ⎀ූ ⎃්⎀āļģ āļˇේāļ¯āļē ⎄ෙ⎀āļ­් āļšāļŽāļą āļ…āļ´āˇ„āˇƒු⎀ āļ¯ුāļģු ⎀ූāļēෙāļą් ⎃ොāļģāļœුāļĢේ āļēāļą āļąාāļ¸āļē ⎀්‍āļēා⎀⎄ාāļģāļēāļ§ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢි āļļ⎀āļ­් āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēෙāļą් āļ­āˇ€āļ¯ුāļģāļ§āļ­් ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ ⎀ේ. āļšāļŗāļšුāļ¸ාāļģ ⎃ිāļģිāļ­āļ§ āļ…āļąු⎀ āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ොāļŊ් āļ‰āļ¯ිāļšිāļģීāļ¸් āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු ⎁āļš āˇ€āļģ්⎂ 1304 āļ¯ුāļģුāļ­ු āļ¸āˇƒ āļ´ුāļģ ⎃āļ­āˇ€āļš් āļ¯ිāļą āļ¸ුāļŊ් āļœāļŊ් āļ­āļļා āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ී.
āļ¸ොāļąāļģාāļœāļŊ - āļļිāļļිāļŊ āļ¸ාāļģ්āļœāļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¸ැāļ¯āļœāļ¸ āļąāļ¸ āļœāļ¸ āļ…āˇƒāļŊ ⎀āļą āļšොāļ§āļļෝ⎀ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē ⎃ොāļģāļœුāļĢේ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ´ැāļģāļĢි āļąු⎀ූ⎀ āļ¯ āļšුāļŠා āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļēāļą āļąāļ¸ිāļą් ⎄ැāļŗිāļą්⎀ේ. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļ§ āˇ€āļŠා āļ´ැāļģāļĢි ⎀āļą āļļāļ¯ුāļŊ්āļŊේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļ¯āļą්āļ­ුāļģේ ⎃āļ§āļąිāļą් āļĸāļē āļŊැāļļීāļ¸āļ§ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ ⎀āļģāļ¸් ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀ූāļēෙāļą් ⎀ිāļ¸āļŊāļ°āļģ්āļ¸āˇƒූāļģිāļē āļģāļĸු ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් ⎀ි⎁ාāļŊ āļšොāļ§ āļēāļŊි āļ­āļąāˇ€ා āļœāļ¸් āļļිāļ¸් āļ´āˇ€ා āļ´ි¥ āļļ⎀ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēේ ⎀ි⎃්āļ­āļģ ⎀ේ. āļ¯ෙāļ¸āˇ„āļŊ් ⎀āļą āļ¯ෙ⎀් āļ¸ැāļ¯ුāļģේ āļģāļ­් ⎄āļŗුāļą් āļ¯ැ⎀āļēෙāļą් āļšāˇ… āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļœේ ⎄ා ⎀āļŊ්āļŊි āļ¸ෑāļĢිāļēāļą්āļœේ āļĸී⎀āļ¸ාāļą āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēේ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ¸ා āļ¯ෙāļšāļš් āļ¯ āļļිāļ­ු ⎃ිāļ­ු⎀āļ¸් āļ¯ āˇ€ි⎃ිāļ­ුāļģු āļŊී āļšැāļ§āļēāļ¸් āļ¯ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී. āļļāļ¯ුāļŊ්āļŊ āļ¸ුāļ­ිāļēංāļœāļĢ āļ¸ැāļ¯ āˇ€ි⎄ාāļģāļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ āļģූāļ´āļē ⎄ිāļą්‍āļ¯ු āļˇāļš්āļ­ිāļšāļēāļą්āļœේ āļ¯ āˇƒැāļŊāļšීāļ¸āļ§ āļ´ාāļ­‍්‍āļģ ⎀ූ ⎃්āļŽාāļąāļēāļšි ⎀ේ. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ⎀āļŊāļ§ āļ…āļ¸āļ­āļģ⎀ āļŒāˇ€ āļ´ැāļŊ්⎀āļ­්āļ­ේ āļ´ූāļģාāļĢ āļ¯ේ⎀āļœිāļģි āļģāļĸāļ¸āˇ„ා ⎀ි⎄ාāļģāļēේ āļ¯, āļ¸ොāļĢāļģාāļœāļŊ āļ´ොāļšāļĢුāļœāļŊ āļ´ුāļģාāļĢ āˇ€ි⎄ාāļģāļēේ āļ¯ āļ´ැāļģāļĢි āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ ⎀ේ.
āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļ¸ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­āļ§ āļ…āļ°ිāļ´āļ­ි ⎀āļąුāļēේ ⎃ුāļ¸āļą āˇƒāļ¸āļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļļැ⎀ිāļą් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ිāļ­ āˇ€ූ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ ⎀āļąුāļēේ āļēāļ¸් āļ…⎀āļ¸ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¸ාāļĢāļēāļš් ⎀ු⎀āļ­් āļ¸ොāļģāļ´ාāļē, āļēāļ­ුāļģු āļœැ⎄ූ āļŊිāļēāļ¯්āļ¯ āˇ€ැāļąි ⎀ි⎄ාāļģ⎃්āļŽාāļąāļēāļą්⎄ි āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ¸ා āļœෘ⎄⎀āļŊ āļ‡āļŗ āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¯ේ⎀āļģූāļ´ āļ…āļ­āļģ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āˇƒ්āļŽාāļąāļēāļš් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļ§ āˇ„ිāļ¸ි⎀ේ. āļšāļŠāļ¯ොāļģ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ¸ා āļœෘ⎄āļēේ ⎀ි⎂්āļĢු āļ¯ේ⎀ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ­ිāļ¸ා āļ¯ෙāļšāļš් āļ¯ොāļģāļ§ු⎀ āļ¯ෙāļ´āˇƒ ⎀ේ.
āļ‡āļ¸්āļļැāļš්āļšේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē.
āļ…āļšāļœāļ¸ු⎀ ⎃ෙāļŊ්āļŊිāļ´ිāļē ( ⎁ි.āļŊේ.⎃ං 3 āļļāļŊāļą්āļą* ⎄ි āļ´āļŊāļ¸ු⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļĸāļēāļļා⎄ු āļģāļĸු ⎃ෙāļ­් ⎁ාāļą්āļ­ිāļēෙāļą් āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļ§ (⎃āļ­් ⎃ෙāļ­ිāļą් āļšිāļ­ි⎃ුāļģු* ⎃āļ¸ාāļą āļšොāļ§ āļ‡āļ­.                                                                                                          
āļšොāļ­්āļ¸āļŊේ āļ¸ොāļģāļ´ේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē ⎀ාāļģ්⎂ිāļšāˇ€ āļ‡āˇƒāˇ… āļ¸ා⎃āļēේ āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģ āļ¯ āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģ āļ…āˇ€āˇƒāļą් ⎀ූ āļ¯ිāļą āˇƒිāļ§ āļ¯ිāļą āˇ„āļ­āļš් ⎀āļŊිāļēāļšුāļą් āļ´ිāļ¯ීāļ¸ේ āļ ාāļģිāļ­‍්‍āļģāļēāļš් āļ¯ āļ´ැ⎀āļ­ිāļąි. āļ¸ෙ⎄ිāļ¯ී āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්āļœේ āļˇාāļģ්āļēා⎀āļš් ⎀āļą āˇ€āļŊ්āļŊි āļ…āļ¸්āļ¸ා āļ´ිāļ¯ීāļ¸ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ…āļģāļ¸ුāļĢ āˇ€ූ āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšේ. ⎀āļģ්āļ­āļ¸ාāļąāļē ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģ āˇƒāˇ„ ⎀āļŊිāļēāļšුāļą් āļ´ිāļ¯ීāļ¸ āļ…āļˇා⎀āļēāļ§ āļœො⎃් āļ‡āļ­. āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļ¸ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ේ ⎃ෙ⎃ු āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁⎀āļŊāļ§ āˇƒාāļ´ේāļš්‍⎂⎀ āļšොāļ­්āļ¸āļŊේ ⎃ිāļ§ āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģ āļ¯ෙ⎃āļ§ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ ⎀āļą්āļ¯āļąāļēේ āļēāļ¸් āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀āļąāļ­ා⎀āļēāļš් ⎀āļą āļ…āļ­āļģ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēේ āļ‘āļą āˇ„ෙāļĢ āļšāļŗ āļļි⎃ෝ āļļāļĢ්āļŠාāļģ āļ¯ේ⎀ිāļē āļ‡āļ¸්āļļැāļš්āļšේ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļ§ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎄āļ§ āļ´ුāļ¯ āļ´ූāļĸා āļšිāļģීāļ¸āļ§ āļēාāļ¸ āˇ„ා āļļැāļŗුāļĢු ⎃ිāļ¯ු⎀ීāļ¸් āļ”āˇƒ්⎃ේ āļēāļ¸් āļ’ āˇ„ා āļļැāļŗුāļĢු āļ…āļģ්āļŽāļēāļš් āļœāļ¸්‍āļē ⎀ිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. āļ¸āļģāļĢිāļą් āļ¸āļ­ු āļ¯ේ⎀āļ­්⎀āļēāļ§ āļ´āļ­් āļļි⎃ෝ āļļāļĢ්āļŠාāļģ āļ¯ේ⎀ිāļē āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎄ා āļ‘āļš්⎀āļ¸ āˇ€āļą්āļ¯āļąāļēāļ§ āļ´ාāļ­‍්‍āļģ ⎀ේ.
āļŊෝāļģි ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļœāļ¸්āļ´ොāļŊ ⎃ිāļ§ āˇƒැāļ­āļ´ුāļ¸් āļ¯ෙāļšāļš් āļ”āļļ්āļļේ්්්් āļ‹āļŠāļ´āļŊාāļ­ේ āļœāļŸ āļ‰āˇ„⎅ āļšෝāļģāļŊේ āļ‡āļ­ි ⎀āļŊ්āļŊැ⎄ැāļœොāļŠ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļ´ි⎅ිāļļāļŗāˇ€ āļ¯āļš්⎀āļēි. āļ´āļģාāļš‍්‍āļģāļ¸āļļා⎄ු āļģāļĸු ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļ§ āˇƒāļą්āļąāˇƒ් āļ¸āļœිāļą් āļ‰āļŠāļ¸් āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ාāļąāļē āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļ§ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēāļš් āļ¯ āˇ€ේ. 1815 ⎀āļą āˇ€ිāļ§ āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļļ⎃්āļąාāļēāļš āļąිāļŊāļ¸ේ⎀āļģāļēා ⎀⎁āļēෙāļą් āļšොāļļ්āļļෑāļšāļŠු⎀ āļąිāļŊāļ¸ේ āļšāļ§āļēුāļ­ු āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ­ොāļģāļ­ුāļģු āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී. āļ‘⎀āļšāļ§ āˇ€ාāļģ්⎂ිāļš āļ´ෙāļģ⎄ැāļģāļš් āļ´ැ⎀āļ­ි āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ිāļēāļšැāļ´ුāļ¸් āļ­ොāļ§ āˇ€āˇāļēෙāļą් āļ¸āˇ„⎀ැāļŊි āļœෙāļŸ් āļšāˇ„āļ§āļ´ිāļ§ිāļē āļ…āˇƒāļŊ āļļෝāļ­āļŊāļ´ිāļ§ිāļē āļļෝ āļ¸āļŊූ⎀ āļˇා⎀ිāļ­ āˇ€ිāļē. āļąිāļēāļ¸්āļœāļ¸්āļ´ාāļēේ āļ¯ āļ…āļ­ීāļ­āļēේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ…āļŊූāļ­්āļąු⎀āļģ āļ‹āļ´ුāļŊ්⎀āļą් āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē, āļ¸ාāļŊāļœāļ¸්āļ¸āļą āļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļąි āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē ⎄ා āļœāļŠāļŊාāļ¯ෙāļĢි āļąාāļŽ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē āļēāļą āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ‘āļē āļ¯ āļ¸āˇ„āļąු⎀āļģāļ§ āļœෙāļąāļœො⎃් ⎃āļ­āļģ āļ¸āˇ„ා āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļŊෙ⎃ ⎃්āļŽාāļ´ිāļ­ āļšāļģ⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ§ āļ‘āļ­āļģāļ¸් āļ­āˇ„⎀ුāļģු āļšāļģ āļąොāļ¸ැāļ­ි āļ…āļ¯āˇ„āˇƒāļš් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී.
āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļšැāļ´āˇ€ූ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´්āļ­ිāļē ⎄ා ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ° āļ­āˇ€āļ­් ⎀ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් āļŊāļš්‍⎂āļĢāļēāļš් ⎀āļąුāļēේ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļē ⎀ෙāļ­ āˇ„ිāļą්‍āļ¯ු āļļැāļ­ිāļ¸āļ­ුāļą් ⎀ාāļģ්⎂ිāļšāˇ€ āļ´ා āļœāļ¸āļąිāļą් ⎀āļą්āļ¯āļąා⎀ේ āļ´ැāļ¸ිāļĢෙāļą āļ¯ි⎀āļēිāļąේ āļąැāļœෙāļąāˇ„ිāļģ āļ´āˇ…ාāļ­ āļ”āˇƒ්⎃ේ ⎀ැāļ§ි āļ‡āļ­ි āļ¸ාāļģ්āļœāļēේ āļąāˇ€ාāļ­ැāļą්āļ´āˇ… āļ†āˇි‍්‍āļģāļ­āˇ€ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļģැු⎃āļš් āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎀ී āļ´ැ⎀āļ­ීāļ¸āļēි. āļ­ිāļģිāļš්āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ් ⎄ි ⎃ිāļģිāļ ිāļ­‍්‍āļģ ⎀ේāļŊාāļēුāļ¯ āˇƒ්⎀ාāļ¸ි āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ‘āˇƒේ āļąිāļģ්āļ¸ාāļĢāļē ⎀ූ⎀āļšි.

āļ¸ාāļ­āļŊේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊ āļ…āļ­āļģ 1839 āļ¯ී āļ‹āļŠāļēāļ´්āļ´ āļ ෙāļ§්āļ§ිāļēාāļģ් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ‰āļ¯ිāļšāļŊ āļąාāļ§්āļ§ු āļšොāļ§්āļ§ෙāļēි āļąāļœāļģāļš්āļšාāļģ් ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļšāļ¯ිāļģේ⎁āļą් āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ¯ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් āļ¯ āˇ€ේ. ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļšāļ¯ිāļģ⎀ේāļŊාāļēුāļ¯ āˇƒ්⎀ාāļ¸ි āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļģාāļœāļŊ ⎄āļŊ්āļœ‍්‍āļģāļą් āļ”āļē āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ āļ´āˇ€āļ­ිāļą 1934 āļ¯ී āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļšි. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ†āˇි‍්‍āļģāļ­āˇ€ ⎀ාāļģ්⎂ිāļšāˇ€ āļ­ේāļģු āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļē āļ´ැ⎀ැāļ­්⎀ේ. āļ¸ෙāļ¸ āļąāļ¸ිāļą් āļ¸ āˇ€āļą āļ­āˇ€āļ­් āļ¯ේ⎀ාāļŊāļēāļš් āļģාāļœāļŊ ⎁ාāļą්āļ­ āļŊෙāļąාāļž් ⎀āļ­ු āļēාāļēේ āļšංāļšාāļąි⎀āļģāļēāļšු ⎀ූ ⎃ොāļš්āļšāļŊිංāļœāļ¸් ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් 1926 āļ¯ී āļ´āļ¸āļĢ āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§āˇ€ූ āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšේ. āˇ€āˇƒāļģ āļ´āˇ„āļšāļ§ āˇ€āļģāļš් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¯ āļ­ේāļģු āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļēāļš් ⎃ං⎀ිāļ°ාāļąāļē ⎀ේ. 1945 āˇ€āˇƒāļģේ āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇāļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšෙāļą āļ­āļŊ⎀āļšැāļŊේ ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļšāļ¯ිāļģේ⎂āļą් āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ¯ 1903 āļ¯ී ⎄ැāļ§āļą් āļąāļœāļģ āļ¸āļ°්‍āļēāļēේ āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āļšāļģāļą āļŊāļ¯ āˇී‍්‍āļģ āļ¸ාāļąිāļš්āļš āļ´ුāļŊ්āļŊෙāļēාāļģ් āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ¯ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļšැāļ´āļšāļģ āļ‡āļ­. ⎁ී‍්‍āļģ āļ¸ාāļąිāļš්āļš āļ´ුāļŊ්āļŊෙāļēාāļģ් āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļ´āˇƒāļšාāļŊීāļąāˇ€ āļ´ැāļģāļĢි ⎃්āļŽාāļąāļēෙāļą් āļ‰āˇ€āļ­් āļšāļģ āļąāˇ€ ⎃්āļŽාāļąāļēāļš āļ´ි⎄ිāļ§āˇ€ූ⎀ āļ¯ āļ‘⎄ි ⎀ාāļģ්⎂ිāļš āļšāļą්āļ¯āˇƒāˇƒ්āļ­ි‍්‍āļģ āļ‹āļ­්āˇƒāˇ€āļē āļ¯ීāļ´āˇ€ාāļŊී āļ¯ිāļąāļ§ āļ´āˇƒුāļ¯ිāļą āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇ€ී āļ¯ිāļą āˇ„āļ­āļš් āļ´ුāļģා āļ´ැ⎀ැāļ­්⎀ේ. ⎀ෙ⎃ෙ⎃ිāļą් āļ­ේ ⎀āļœා⎀ේ ⎀්‍āļēාāļ´්āļ­ිāļē ⎃āļ¸āļŸ āļ¯āļ¸ිāļŊ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀āļœේ ⎀āļą්āļ¯āļąාāļ¸ාāļą āˇ€ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļ¸ෙ⎀ැāļąි āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ āļģැු⎃āļš් ⎀āļ­ුāļēාāļē āļ†āˇ‍්‍āļģිāļ­āˇ€ āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇ āˇ€ූ āļļ⎀ ⎃ැāļŊāļšිāļē ⎄ැāļšි āļē. ⎀ි⎁ේ⎂āļēෙāļą් āļąු⎀āļģāļ‘⎅ිāļē āļ¯ි⎃්āļ­ි‍්‍āļģāļš්āļšāļē āļ­ු⎅ ⎃āļ¸āļą් āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්, āļ´āļ­්āļ­ිāļąි āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්, āļ‘āļš්āļšāˇƒ්⎃ේ āļšීāļģ්āļ­ි āļļāļĢ්āļŠාāļģ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą්, āļ…āļŊූāļ­්āļąු⎀āļģ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ°ාāļą āļšොāļ§ āˇƒැāļŊāļšුāļĢ āļ¯ āļšොāļ­්āļ¸āļŊේ āļ†āˇ‍්‍āļģිāļ­āˇ€ āļēāļ¸් āļ†āļšාāļģāļēāļš āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් āļ‡āļ¯āˇ„ීāļ¸ේ āļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀āļąāļ­ා⎀āļēāļš් āļ´ැ⎀āļ­ි āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ¸ෑāļ­ āļšාāļŊීāļąāˇ€ āļ¯āļ¸ිāļŊ āļĸāļąāļ­ා⎀āļœේ āļ†āļœāļ¸ිāļš āļ…⎀⎁්‍āļēāļ­ා ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļąāˇ€ āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ් āļ‰āļ¯ි⎀ූ āļļ⎀āļ­් āļ´ෙāļąී āļēāļēි. ⎀āļŊāļ´āļąේ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēේ āļ¯ āˇ€āļą්āļąāļ­ිāļšෝāļ§්āļ§ේ āļ‡āļ­ුāļŊූ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎀ෙāļąු⎀ෙāļą් āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊ් āļšි⎄ිāļ´āļēāļšි. ⎀ෙ⎃ෙ⎃ිāļą් āļ¸ුāļŊ්⎄āļŊ් āļšැāļŊේ āļ´‍්‍āļģāļ¯ේ⎁āļēāļ§ āļ†āˇƒāļą්āļąāļēේ ⎀ූ ⎀āļŊ් āļĸāļ¸්āļļු āļœāˇƒāļš් āļ…āˇƒāļŊāļ§ āļšāļ­āļģāļœāļ¸ āļ¯ෙ⎀ිāļēāļą් ⎀ැāļŠāļ¸ āļšāļŊ āļļ⎀ āļ¯ āļ‘āļ­ැāļąිāļą් āļšොāļ­āļŊා⎀āļŊ āļšāļą්āļ¯āļ§ āˇ„ා āļ…āļąāļ­ුāļģු⎀ āļ¸ුāļŊ්⎄āļŊ්āļšැāļŊේ āļ‡āļŊ āļ†āļģāļ¸්āļˇāļēේ āļ‡āļ­ි āļšෝ⎀ිāļŊāļ§ āˇ€ැāļŠāļ¸ āļšāˇ… āļļ⎀āļ§ āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļēāļš් āļ´āˇ€āļ­ී. āļ‰āˇ„āļ­ āˇƒāļŗāˇ„āļą් āļšāˇ… ⎄ෙāļĢāļšāļŗ āļļි⎃ෝ āļļāļĢ්āļŠාāļģ āļ¯ේ⎀ිāļē ⎀ි⎃ිāļą් āļ¸ෙ⎄ි āļ¸ුāļŊ්⎄āļŊ්āļšැāļŊේ āļ‡āļŊ āļšැāļ´්āļ´āˇ€ූ āļļ⎀āļ§ āˇ€āļą āļĸāļąāļ´‍්‍āļģ⎀ාāļ¯āļē āļ¯ āˇ€ැāļ¯āļœāļ­් ⎀āļąුāļēේ āļ…āļ´ āļ´ෙāļą්⎀ා āļ¯ුāļą් ⎃āļ¸්āļļāļą්āļ°āļē ⎄ේāļ­ු⎀ෙāļąි.